what is fip in cats

3 min read 13-03-2025

Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal disease affecting cats. It's caused by a mutation of a common feline coronavirus (FCoV). While most cats exposed to FCoV remain asymptomatic, a small percentage develop FIP. This article delves into the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of this devastating feline illness.

Understanding Feline Coronavirus (FCoV)

The root cause of FIP lies in feline coronavirus (FCoV). This virus is highly contagious and spreads through fecal-oral transmission. Many cats, especially those living in multi-cat households or shelters, are exposed to FCoV at some point in their lives. Most cats infected with FCoV develop a mild, self-limiting infection, often showing no symptoms at all. However, in a small percentage of these cats, the virus undergoes a mutation, transforming into a much more dangerous form that causes FIP.

Two Forms of FIP: Wet and Dry

FIP manifests in two distinct forms: wet and dry. These forms are characterized by different clinical presentations and prognoses. While both are ultimately fatal, wet FIP tends to progress more rapidly than dry FIP.

Wet FIP

Symptoms: Wet FIP is characterized by fluid accumulation in the abdomen (ascites) or chest (pleural effusion). Cats often display a distended abdomen, lethargy, weight loss, and difficulty breathing. Fever is also a common symptom. Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes) may also be present.
Progression: Wet FIP tends to progress quickly, leading to severe organ failure and death within weeks or months.

Dry FIP

Symptoms: Dry FIP is a more insidious form of the disease. Symptoms can be vague and may include fever, lethargy, weight loss, decreased appetite, and jaundice. In some cases, cats develop neurological signs such as tremors or seizures. They may also have inflammation of the eyes (uveitis).
Progression: While drier FIP may progress more slowly than the wet form, it still ultimately leads to death.

Diagnosing FIP

Diagnosing FIP can be challenging because its symptoms overlap with many other feline illnesses. Veterinarians typically use a combination of tests to arrive at a diagnosis.

Diagnostic Tests

Physical Examination: A thorough physical exam helps identify signs like abdominal distension, fever, and jaundice.
Bloodwork: Blood tests may reveal abnormalities indicative of inflammation and organ damage.
Imaging: Ultrasound or X-rays can visualize fluid accumulation in the abdomen or chest. These also help assess organ size and health.
PCR Testing: PCR (polymerase chain reaction) tests detect the presence of the FCoV virus in body fluids. While this test can confirm FCoV infection, it doesn't definitively diagnose FIP. The virus mutating and causing FIP is more difficult to pinpoint.
Other Tests: Other tests may be necessary to rule out other diseases with similar symptoms.

Treatment Options for FIP

Unfortunately, there is no cure for FIP. However, treatment aims to manage symptoms and improve the cat's quality of life. Historically, treatment options were limited and offered minimal success. However, recent advances in antiviral treatments have shown promising results. A new antiviral medication, GS-441524, shows positive results but is not currently commercially available in all regions. Discuss treatment options with your veterinarian.

Prevention of FIP

While there's no vaccine for FIP, minimizing exposure to FCoV can help prevent the disease. Good hygiene practices, such as frequent cleaning and disinfecting of litter boxes and feeding areas, are essential. Preventing contact with other infected cats is also crucial. Maintaining a clean and healthy environment for your cat can significantly reduce the risk of FIP.

Conclusion

Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) remains a serious and often fatal disease. Early diagnosis and supportive care are vital for improving the cat's quality of life. While a cure remains elusive, new treatments offer hope. Maintaining good hygiene and minimizing exposure to FCoV are crucial preventative measures. Consult your veterinarian immediately if you suspect your cat may have FIP. This is a devastating disease but with early intervention, treatment options exist to make your cat comfortable.