what causes bottom number of blood pressure to be high

3 min read 12-03-2025

what causes bottom number of blood pressure to be high

High blood pressure, or hypertension, is a serious health concern. It's characterized by elevated pressure in your arteries. Blood pressure is expressed as two numbers: systolic (top number) and diastolic (bottom number). This article focuses on understanding the causes of a high diastolic blood pressure reading, which represents the pressure in your arteries when your heart rests between beats.

Understanding Diastolic Blood Pressure

Before diving into causes, let's clarify what diastolic blood pressure is. It's the lower number in a blood pressure reading, representing the pressure in your arteries when your heart is relaxed and refilling with blood. A diastolic reading consistently above 90 mmHg is considered high.

Common Causes of High Diastolic Blood Pressure

Several factors contribute to elevated diastolic blood pressure. These factors often interact, making it crucial to consult a healthcare professional for accurate diagnosis and treatment.

1. Atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis is a condition where plaque builds up inside your arteries. This buildup narrows the arteries, restricting blood flow and increasing pressure. The increased resistance forces the heart to work harder, elevating both systolic and diastolic pressures. This is a major contributor to high diastolic blood pressure in many individuals.

2. Kidney Disease

Your kidneys play a vital role in regulating blood pressure. Kidney damage can disrupt this regulation, leading to fluid retention and increased blood volume. This increased volume puts extra pressure on your artery walls, resulting in high diastolic blood pressure. Chronic kidney disease is a significant risk factor.

3. Primary Aldosteronism

This is a hormonal disorder where your adrenal glands produce too much aldosterone. Aldosterone causes your body to retain sodium and water, increasing blood volume and blood pressure. This hormonal imbalance can significantly elevate diastolic pressure.

4. Sleep Apnea

Obstructive sleep apnea, characterized by repeated pauses in breathing during sleep, can lead to high blood pressure. The brief periods of oxygen deprivation and subsequent stress on the cardiovascular system contribute to elevated diastolic pressure. Treating sleep apnea often helps lower blood pressure.

5. Stress and Anxiety

Chronic stress and anxiety can trigger the release of hormones like adrenaline and cortisol. These hormones temporarily increase heart rate and blood pressure. Over time, prolonged stress can contribute to consistently high diastolic blood pressure.

6. Genetics and Family History

A family history of high blood pressure increases your risk. Genetics play a significant role in determining your predisposition to hypertension, including elevated diastolic readings.

7. Certain Medications

Some medications, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and certain oral contraceptives, can elevate blood pressure as a side effect. If you're experiencing high diastolic pressure and are taking medication, consult your doctor.

Less Common Causes

While less frequent, other conditions can also contribute to high diastolic blood pressure:

Coarctation of the aorta: A congenital heart defect where the aorta is narrowed.
Hyperthyroidism: An overactive thyroid gland.
Pheochromocytoma: A rare tumor of the adrenal gland.

Diagnosing High Diastolic Blood Pressure

Your doctor will perform a physical exam, review your medical history, and order blood tests to diagnose the underlying cause of your high diastolic blood pressure. They might also recommend further tests, such as an electrocardiogram (ECG) or echocardiogram.

Managing High Diastolic Blood Pressure

Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include lifestyle changes (diet, exercise, stress reduction), medication (such as diuretics, ACE inhibitors, or beta-blockers), or both. Working closely with your doctor is crucial for developing an effective management plan.

Conclusion

High diastolic blood pressure can stem from various factors, ranging from lifestyle choices to underlying medical conditions. Addressing the root cause through lifestyle modifications and/or medical treatment is essential for preventing serious health complications. Regular blood pressure monitoring and regular checkups with your healthcare provider are vital for maintaining optimal cardiovascular health. If you're concerned about your blood pressure, schedule an appointment with your doctor for a thorough evaluation. Remember, early detection and management are crucial for preventing long-term health problems associated with hypertension.