signs and symptoms of fmd

2 min read 15-03-2025

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease that affects cloven-hoofed animals, including cattle, pigs, sheep, and goats. While it rarely affects humans, its impact on livestock is devastating. Understanding the signs and symptoms is crucial for early detection and prevention of widespread outbreaks.

Recognizing FMD in Animals

Early detection is critical in controlling the spread of FMD. The symptoms can vary depending on the animal species and the strain of the virus, but some common signs include:

Fever and Lethargy:

One of the earliest signs is a sudden high fever.
Animals often become listless and unwilling to move or eat. This decreased activity can be a significant indicator.

Oral Lesions:

Blisters (vesicles) appear in the mouth, on the tongue, and inside the cheeks.
These blisters quickly rupture, leaving painful ulcers. Excessive salivation (drooling) is common.

Foot Lesions:

Similar blisters form on the coronary band (where the hoof meets the skin) and between the toes.
These blisters also rupture, causing lameness and reluctance to walk. Noticeable limping is a key symptom.

Other Symptoms:

Sudden weight loss: Animals lose condition quickly due to pain and reduced feed intake.
Mastitis (in lactating animals): Inflammation of the udder is another possible symptom.

Specific Symptoms by Animal:

While the general signs are similar, some nuances exist depending on the species:

Cattle: Often show significant lameness due to foot lesions. They may also exhibit reduced milk production.
Pigs: Pigs are known for exhibiting severe lesions in their snouts and coronary bands. They often show respiratory distress.
Sheep and Goats: Foot lesions are usually less severe than in cattle, but they can still exhibit lameness and oral lesions.

When to Seek Veterinary Attention

If you suspect FMD in your livestock, contact your veterinarian immediately. FMD is a reportable disease, meaning you are legally obligated to report any suspected cases to the appropriate authorities. Early intervention is crucial to minimize the spread and potential economic losses. Do not attempt to treat the disease yourself.

Importance of Biosecurity

Preventing the introduction and spread of FMD relies heavily on strict biosecurity measures. This includes:

Quarantine: Isolating suspected or infected animals is essential.
Disinfection: Regular disinfection of facilities and equipment is crucial.
Vaccination: Vaccination programs can significantly reduce the risk of outbreaks.
Movement Control: Restricting the movement of animals can significantly limit spread.

Note: This information is for educational purposes only and should not be considered a substitute for professional veterinary advice. If you suspect FMD, contact your veterinarian and local animal health authorities immediately. Early detection and prompt action are critical to controlling this highly contagious disease.