side effects of typhoid immunisation

3 min read 16-03-2025

Typhoid fever, a serious bacterial infection, can be prevented through immunization. While typhoid vaccines are generally safe and effective, like any medical intervention, they can cause side effects. Understanding these potential side effects is crucial for informed decision-making. This article will explore the common and rare side effects associated with both injectable and oral typhoid vaccines.

Common Side Effects of Typhoid Vaccines

Most people experience only mild side effects after receiving a typhoid vaccine. These typically appear within the first few days after vaccination and usually resolve on their own within a week or two. These common side effects include:

Injectable Typhoid Vaccines (e.g., Typhim Vi)

Pain, redness, or swelling at the injection site: This is the most frequently reported side effect. Applying a cool compress can help alleviate discomfort.
Headache: A mild headache is common and usually subsides without treatment.
Muscle aches: Some individuals experience general muscle soreness or aches.
Fatigue: Feeling tired or fatigued is another common side effect.
Nausea: Some people may experience nausea, though vomiting is less frequent.

Oral Typhoid Vaccines (e.g., Vivotif)

Upset stomach: This is the most common side effect of oral typhoid vaccines. It might include diarrhea, nausea, abdominal cramps, or vomiting.
Headache: Similar to the injectable vaccine, headaches can occur.
Fatigue: Mild fatigue may be experienced.

Less Common or Serious Side Effects of Typhoid Vaccines

While rare, more serious side effects can occur. It's important to seek medical attention immediately if you experience any of the following:

Severe allergic reaction: Symptoms include difficulty breathing, swelling of the face or throat (angioedema), hives, or a rapid heartbeat. This is a medical emergency requiring immediate treatment.
High fever: A high fever (above 101°F or 38.3°C) that persists or worsens should be addressed by a doctor.
Severe abdominal pain: Intense or persistent abdominal pain warrants medical attention.
Guillain-Barré syndrome: This is a rare neurological disorder that can cause muscle weakness and paralysis. While a possible, extremely rare complication of some vaccines, a causal link to typhoid vaccines is not definitively established.
Other neurological symptoms: Any unusual neurological symptoms, such as seizures or changes in mental status, require immediate medical evaluation.

Who Should Avoid Typhoid Vaccination?

Certain individuals should consult their doctor before receiving a typhoid vaccine. These include:

People with weakened immune systems: Those with conditions like HIV/AIDS or those undergoing chemotherapy may have a reduced response to the vaccine and may experience increased side effects.
Pregnant or breastfeeding women: The safety of typhoid vaccines during pregnancy and breastfeeding has not been fully established, requiring careful consideration.
People with a history of severe allergic reactions to previous vaccines: A consultation with a doctor is crucial to assess the risks.

Reducing the Risk of Side Effects

While you can't completely eliminate the risk of side effects, you can take steps to minimize them:

Follow your doctor's instructions carefully: Adhering to the recommended dosage and administration instructions is essential.
Drink plenty of fluids: Staying hydrated helps your body cope with the vaccine.
Rest: Getting adequate rest can help your body recover from the vaccination.
Take over-the-counter pain relievers: For mild pain or discomfort, over-the-counter medications like acetaminophen (paracetamol) or ibuprofen can help. Always follow the recommended dosage.
Report any concerning symptoms: Contact your doctor immediately if you experience any unusual or severe side effects.

Conclusion

Typhoid vaccines are generally safe and highly effective in preventing typhoid fever. While common side effects are usually mild and temporary, understanding the potential risks, including rare but serious ones, is crucial. Always consult your doctor before receiving any vaccine to discuss the benefits and risks based on your individual health status. Remember, the benefits of typhoid vaccination far outweigh the risks for most people.