s t e r n u m

3 min read 11-03-2025

The sternum, also known as the breastbone, is a long, flat bone located in the center of your chest. It plays a vital role in protecting your heart and lungs, and understanding its anatomy and potential problems is key to maintaining overall health. This comprehensive guide will explore the sternum's structure, function, and common associated issues.

Anatomy of the Sternum

The sternum is divided into three main parts:

Manubrium: The topmost section, articulating with the clavicles (collarbones) and the first two ribs.
Body (Gladiolus): The largest and longest section, connecting to ribs 3 through 7.
Xiphoid Process: The smallest and most inferior section, often cartilaginous in younger individuals, and ossifies (turns to bone) with age.

These three parts fuse together during adolescence and early adulthood, forming a single, strong bone. The sternum's structure is crucial for its protective and supportive functions. Its flat, broad shape provides a large surface area for muscle attachment, contributing to respiration and upper body movement.

Function of the Sternum

The primary function of the sternum is to protect the vital organs within the thoracic cavity: the heart and lungs. The rib cage, with the sternum forming its central anchor, creates a rigid yet flexible structure that shields these organs from external trauma.

Beyond protection, the sternum plays a critical role in:

Respiration: The sternum's connection to the ribs allows for the expansion and contraction of the chest cavity during breathing.
Muscle Attachment: Several important muscles, including the pectoralis major and rectus abdominis, attach to the sternum, facilitating movement of the shoulders, arms, and abdomen.
Bone Marrow Production: Like other bones, the sternum contains bone marrow, which plays a vital role in blood cell production.

Common Sternum Issues

While generally a robust bone, the sternum can be affected by various medical conditions:

Sternum Pain (Sternalgia)

Sternum pain, or sternaglia, can result from various causes, including:

Rib or cartilage inflammation: Costochondritis, an inflammation of the cartilage connecting the ribs to the sternum, is a common cause of chest pain.
Muscle strain: Overuse or injury to chest muscles can lead to pain radiating to the sternum.
Trauma: Direct blows to the chest can fracture the sternum or cause bruising.
Underlying medical conditions: In rare cases, sternaglia can signal more serious issues like heart problems or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).

Sternum Fracture

A sternum fracture, typically caused by blunt trauma to the chest, can be very painful and potentially dangerous. Symptoms include intense chest pain, difficulty breathing, and tenderness to the touch over the sternum. Treatment may involve pain management, splinting, and, in severe cases, surgery.

Sternal Clefts

Sternal clefts are congenital birth defects where the sternum fails to close completely during fetal development. This condition can range in severity, from a minor notch to a complete separation of the sternum. Surgery may be necessary to correct more severe clefts.

Other Sternum Issues

Rarely, the sternum can be affected by tumors, infections (osteomyelitis), or other diseases that affect bone tissue.

When to See a Doctor

If you experience persistent sternum pain, particularly if accompanied by shortness of breath, chest tightness, or other concerning symptoms, it is crucial to seek medical attention. A physician can perform a physical examination, order imaging studies (such as X-rays or CT scans), and conduct other tests to determine the underlying cause of your symptoms. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential for managing sternum-related issues effectively.

Conclusion

The sternum, a seemingly simple bone, plays a crucial role in protecting vital organs and facilitating essential bodily functions. Understanding its anatomy, function, and the potential for associated problems empowers individuals to better care for their health and seek appropriate medical attention when needed. Remember that this information is for educational purposes and should not be considered medical advice. Always consult with a healthcare professional for any concerns about your health.