melanoma skin cancer on scalp

3 min read 12-03-2025

Melanoma, the deadliest form of skin cancer, can occur anywhere on the body, including the often-overlooked scalp. Because the scalp is frequently covered by hair, detecting melanoma there can be challenging, making early detection and treatment crucial. This article provides vital information on identifying, treating, and preventing scalp melanoma.

Understanding Melanoma on the Scalp

Melanoma on the scalp develops in the melanocytes, cells that produce melanin (pigment) in the skin. While less common than other skin cancers, scalp melanoma is particularly dangerous due to its potential for rapid growth and spread. Early detection significantly improves treatment outcomes and survival rates.

Risk Factors for Scalp Melanoma

Several factors increase the risk of developing melanoma on the scalp:

Fair Skin and Hair: Individuals with light skin and hair are more susceptible to sun damage, increasing their melanoma risk.
Sun Exposure: Prolonged sun exposure, particularly during childhood and adolescence, significantly increases the risk. Even partial exposure can be harmful.
Family History: A family history of melanoma increases the risk for all skin cancers, including scalp melanoma.
Weakened Immune System: A compromised immune system reduces the body's ability to fight off cancerous cells.
Previous Skin Cancers: Having had a prior skin cancer, including non-melanoma skin cancers (basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma), raises your risk.
Male Pattern Baldness: Men experiencing hair loss have increased sun exposure to their scalp, elevating their risk.

Recognizing Melanoma on the Scalp

Identifying scalp melanoma can be difficult, especially in early stages when it might be hidden under hair. Regular self-exams are vital, along with professional skin checks by a dermatologist. Look for the following warning signs (ABCDEs of Melanoma):

A – Asymmetry: One half of the mole doesn't match the other.
B – Border: The edges are irregular, ragged, notched, or blurred.
C – Color: The color is uneven, and may include variations of black, brown, tan, white, red, or blue.
D – Diameter: Most melanomas are larger than 6 millimeters (about the size of a pencil eraser), but they can be smaller.
E – Evolving: A change in size, shape, color, elevation, or symptoms (bleeding, itching, crusting) warrants immediate medical attention.

Additionally, be aware of:

New moles: A new mole appearing on the scalp should be evaluated by a dermatologist.
Changing moles: Any change in an existing mole, no matter how subtle, requires attention.
Itching, bleeding, or crusting: These symptoms warrant prompt professional evaluation.

Seeking Professional Help for Scalp Melanoma

If you notice any suspicious lesions or changes on your scalp, schedule an appointment with a dermatologist. They possess specialized tools and expertise for examining the scalp and can perform a biopsy if necessary. Early diagnosis allows for effective treatment options.

Diagnosis of Scalp Melanoma

Diagnosis typically involves:

Visual examination: A dermatologist will carefully examine the scalp for any suspicious lesions.
Dermoscopy: This non-invasive technique utilizes a special magnifying lens to view the mole's structure and features.
Biopsy: A small sample of tissue is removed and examined under a microscope to confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment Options for Scalp Melanoma

Treatment for scalp melanoma depends on several factors including the stage of the cancer, its location, depth of invasion and the patient's overall health. Common treatment approaches include:

Surgical Excision: This involves removing the cancerous lesion and a margin of surrounding healthy tissue.
Mohs Surgery: A specialized surgical technique that removes the cancer layer by layer, maximizing the chances of complete removal while minimizing tissue damage.
Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy: This procedure helps determine if the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes.
Radiation Therapy: This uses high-energy radiation to kill cancer cells.
Chemotherapy: Systemic treatment using drugs to kill cancer cells throughout the body.
Immunotherapy: This harnesses the body's immune system to fight cancer cells.
Targeted Therapy: These medications target specific molecules involved in cancer growth.

Preventing Melanoma on the Scalp

Prevention is key in minimizing the risk of scalp melanoma. These preventative measures can significantly reduce your risk:

Sun Protection: Always wear a wide-brimmed hat when outdoors, especially during peak sun hours (10 a.m. to 4 p.m.).
Sunscreen: Use a broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or higher, even on cloudy days. Apply liberally and reapply every two hours, or more frequently if swimming or sweating. Consider using a sunscreen specifically designed for the scalp.
Regular Self-Exams: Perform regular self-exams of your scalp, looking for any new or changing moles. Use a mirror or ask a friend or family member to assist.
Professional Skin Checks: Schedule regular professional skin exams with a dermatologist, especially if you have a family history of melanoma or other risk factors.

By understanding the risks, recognizing the warning signs, and taking preventative measures, you can significantly reduce your risk of developing scalp melanoma and improve your chances of successful treatment should it occur. Remember, early detection is crucial for optimal outcomes. Consult with a dermatologist for any concerns regarding your scalp or skin.