dsm 5 adhd criteria

3 min read 13-03-2025

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder impacting focus, attention, and impulsivity. Diagnosing ADHD relies heavily on the criteria outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5). This article breaks down the DSM-5 criteria for ADHD, helping you understand what constitutes a diagnosis.

Core Symptoms and Presentations

The DSM-5 defines ADHD based on a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interferes with functioning or development. These symptoms aren't simply a matter of occasional carelessness; they represent a significant and ongoing challenge. Importantly, the symptoms must be present before age 12.

Inattention (at least six of the following):

Often fails to give close attention to details or makes careless mistakes in schoolwork, work, or other activities.
Often has difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play activities.
Often does not seem to listen when spoken to directly.
Often does not follow through on instructions and fails to finish schoolwork, chores, or duties in the workplace.
Often has difficulty organizing tasks and activities.
Often avoids, dislikes, or is reluctant to engage in tasks that require sustained mental effort (such as schoolwork or homework).
Often loses things necessary for tasks or activities (e.g., materials for school, pencils, books, tools, wallets, keys).
Is often easily distracted by extraneous stimuli.
Is often forgetful in daily activities.

Hyperactivity-Impulsivity (at least six of the following):

Often fidgets with or taps hands or feet or squirms in seat.
Often leaves seat in situations where remaining seated is expected.
Often runs about or climbs excessively in situations where it is inappropriate.
Often has difficulty playing or engaging in leisure activities quietly.
Is often “on the go” acting as if “driven by a motor”.
Often talks excessively.
Often blurts out an answer before a question has been completed.
Often has difficulty waiting his or her turn.
Often interrupts or intrudes on others.

Severity Levels

The DSM-5 also specifies three levels of severity based on the number and impact of symptoms:

Mild: Few symptoms, relatively minor impairment.
Moderate: Symptoms and impairment between mild and severe.
Severe: Many symptoms, significant impairment.

Important Considerations for Diagnosis

A diagnosis of ADHD isn't made solely based on ticking boxes on a checklist. A comprehensive assessment is crucial. This typically involves:

Clinical interview: A thorough discussion with the individual and their family or caregivers to gather information about symptoms, their history, and impact on daily life.
Behavioral rating scales: Standardized questionnaires filled out by parents, teachers, and sometimes the individual themselves to provide objective information about symptom severity and frequency.
Neuropsychological testing: Sometimes used to rule out other conditions and gain a deeper understanding of cognitive functioning.

It's vital to remember that a mental health professional will conduct a thorough evaluation. Self-diagnosing based on online information isn't recommended. A proper diagnosis requires professional expertise.

ADHD Subtypes in the DSM-5

The DSM-5 recognizes three presentations of ADHD, based on the predominant symptom presentation:

Predominantly Inattentive Presentation: Characterized primarily by symptoms of inattention, with few or no symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity.
Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Presentation: Characterized primarily by symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity, with few or no symptoms of inattention.
Combined Presentation: Characterized by both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity symptoms.

Seeking Professional Help

If you suspect you or a loved one may have ADHD, seeking professional help is crucial. A qualified mental health professional, such as a psychiatrist, psychologist, or clinical social worker, can provide a proper diagnosis and develop a tailored treatment plan. Treatment often involves a combination of medication, behavioral therapy, and educational interventions. This collaborative approach significantly improves the lives of many individuals with ADHD. Don't hesitate to reach out for support; effective treatments are available.

Remember, this information is for educational purposes only and doesn't constitute medical advice. Always consult a healthcare professional for diagnosis and treatment.