back of the head muscles

3 min read 16-03-2025

The back of your head, technically the posterior aspect of the skull, is a complex region containing several muscles crucial for head movement, posture, and even facial expression. Understanding their anatomy and function is vital for addressing pain and discomfort in this area. This article delves into the key muscles, their roles, and common issues associated with them.

Major Muscles of the Posterior Skull

Several muscles contribute to the complex movements of the head and neck. Here are some of the most important ones located at the back of the head:

1. Trapezius (Upper Fibers)

Location: The upper trapezius extends from the base of the skull to the upper spine. It's a large, superficial muscle.
Function: Elevates, rotates, and retracts the scapula (shoulder blade). It also helps extend the head and neck. Tightness in the upper trapezius is a common cause of neck and head pain.
Pain Association: Upper trapezius tightness often leads to headaches, neck stiffness, and shoulder pain.

2. Sternocleidomastoid (SCM)

Location: This muscle runs diagonally across the side of the neck, from the sternum and clavicle (collarbone) to the mastoid process behind the ear. While not solely at the back of the head, its action significantly impacts the head's position.
Function: Flexes the neck, rotates the head, and laterally bends the neck.
Pain Association: SCM tightness can cause headaches, especially those felt behind the eyes or in the temples. It can also contribute to neck pain and dizziness.

3. Suboccipital Muscles

These are a group of four small, deep muscles located at the base of the skull:

Rectus capitis posterior major: Extends the head.
Rectus capitis posterior minor: Extends the head.
Obliquus capitis inferior: Rotates the head.
Obliquus capitis superior: Extends and laterally flexes the head.
Function: These muscles provide fine motor control for head movement and proprioception (awareness of head position). They are crucial for balance and coordination.
Pain Association: Problems with the suboccipital muscles often present as headaches, especially those at the base of the skull. They can also cause neck stiffness and dizziness.

4. Splenius Capitis

Location: This muscle sits beneath the trapezius, extending from the spine to the skull's occipital bone.
Function: Extends and rotates the head. It also helps to keep the head upright.
Pain Association: Tension in the splenius capitis can lead to headaches, neck pain, and upper back pain.

Common Causes of Back-of-Head Pain

Several factors can contribute to pain in the back of the head:

Muscle Tension: Stress, poor posture, and repetitive movements can lead to muscle tightness and spasms.
Injury: Whiplash, falls, or other trauma can damage the muscles and surrounding tissues.
Headaches: Many types of headaches, including tension headaches and cervicogenic headaches (originating in the neck), can cause pain in the back of the head.
Degenerative Conditions: Osteoarthritis or other degenerative conditions affecting the neck can lead to pain radiating to the back of the head.
Referred Pain: Pain from other areas, such as the upper back or shoulders, can sometimes be felt in the back of the head.

Treatment and Self-Care

Treatment for back-of-head pain depends on the underlying cause. However, many strategies can help alleviate symptoms:

Over-the-counter pain relievers: Ibuprofen or acetaminophen can help reduce pain and inflammation.
Heat or ice: Applying heat or ice packs can help relieve muscle pain and stiffness.
Massage: Massage therapy can help relax tight muscles and improve blood flow.
Stretching and strengthening exercises: Specific exercises can target the muscles at the back of the head and improve flexibility and strength. Consult a physical therapist for guidance.
Posture correction: Maintaining good posture can help reduce strain on the muscles.
Stress management: Techniques like yoga or meditation can help reduce stress, which can contribute to muscle tension.

When to See a Doctor

Consult a doctor or physical therapist if your back-of-the-head pain:

Is severe or persistent.
Is accompanied by other symptoms such as numbness, tingling, or weakness.
Is not improving with self-care measures.

By understanding the muscles at the back of your head and their functions, you can better address pain and discomfort in this area. Remember that proper posture, regular stretching, and stress management are crucial for preventing problems. If pain persists, seeking professional help is essential for accurate diagnosis and effective treatment.