active vs passive range of motion

3 min read 18-03-2025

Understanding the difference between active and passive range of motion (ROM) is crucial for anyone involved in physical therapy, fitness, or simply maintaining their physical well-being. Both active and passive ROM exercises play vital roles in recovery from injury, improving flexibility, and preventing future problems. This article will delve into the distinctions, benefits, and applications of each.

What is Range of Motion (ROM)?

Range of motion refers to the extent of movement around a specific joint. A full ROM indicates the joint can move through its entire normal arc of motion without pain or restriction. Limited ROM can be a symptom of injury, stiffness, or other underlying conditions.

Measuring Range of Motion

ROM is typically measured using a goniometer, a tool that measures angles. Healthcare professionals use this tool to accurately assess and track a patient's progress. While precise measurement requires professional tools, you can get a general sense of your ROM through self-assessment.

Active Range of Motion (AROM)

Active range of motion refers to the movement a person can perform independently, using their own muscle power. For example, raising your arm overhead without assistance is an example of AROM.

Benefits of AROM Exercises

Strengthens Muscles: AROM exercises engage the muscles surrounding the joint, helping to maintain or improve strength.
Improves Coordination: Performing these movements requires coordination between muscles and the nervous system.
Increases Circulation: Movement increases blood flow to the joint, promoting healing and reducing stiffness.
Maintains Joint Mobility: Regular AROM exercises help to prevent joint stiffness and maintain flexibility.

Examples of AROM Exercises

Shoulder abduction: Raising your arm to the side.
Knee flexion: Bending your knee.
Ankle dorsiflexion: Pulling your toes towards your shin.
Neck rotation: Turning your head from side to side.

Passive Range of Motion (PROM)

Passive range of motion refers to the movement of a joint by an external force, without any active participation from the individual. A physical therapist or another person might move the joint for the patient.

Benefits of PROM Exercises

Maintains Joint Mobility: PROM helps to prevent contractures (shortening of muscles and tendons) and maintains joint flexibility.
Reduces Pain and Swelling: Gentle PROM can help to decrease pain and inflammation.
Improves Circulation: Like AROM, PROM can enhance blood flow to the joint, aiding in healing.
Prepares for AROM: PROM can prepare the joint for active movement, making it easier to perform AROM exercises later.

Examples of PROM Exercises

A physical therapist might passively move a patient's:

Shoulder: Rotating it in a circular motion.
Knee: Extending and flexing it.
Hip: Abducting and adducting it (moving it away from and towards the midline).
Wrist: Flexing and extending it.

Active Assistive Range of Motion (AAROM)

Sometimes, a patient may need some assistance to perform a range of motion exercise. This is called active-assistive range of motion. This can be done with a therapist providing some assistance, or by using assistive devices, such as a pulley system or resistance band.

When to Use AROM vs. PROM

The choice between AROM and PROM depends on the individual's condition and goals.

AROM: Ideal for individuals who have some muscle strength and control. It's crucial for building strength and improving function.
PROM: Used when a person is unable to actively move a joint, such as after surgery or with severe muscle weakness. It helps maintain flexibility and prevent contractures. It is also useful in the early stages of rehabilitation, when active movement may be painful or contraindicated.

Potential Risks and Considerations

While both AROM and PROM are generally safe, certain precautions should be taken:

Pain: Stop the exercise if you experience pain.
Overexertion: Avoid pushing yourself too hard, especially in the early stages of rehabilitation.
Medical Supervision: Individuals with certain medical conditions should consult a doctor or physical therapist before starting any ROM exercise program.

Conclusion

Active and passive range of motion exercises are essential for maintaining joint health, recovering from injuries, and improving overall physical function. Understanding the differences between AROM and PROM, along with their respective benefits and applications, is crucial for anyone seeking to improve their physical well-being. Remember to consult with a healthcare professional to determine the appropriate type and intensity of ROM exercises for your specific needs. They can guide you on a safe and effective program to reach your goals.